Assignment 1 Reader Response (Latest version)

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a software that uses geographic data to manage civil engineering and construction projects (ConsultANZ, 2023). According to the civil engineering firm, GIS is essential to the industry as it supports all phases of the project life cycle. The function of the application is designed to store, analyze, and display spatial data associated with locations on the Earth’s surface. By combining geographic information with various data layers, GIS enables civil engineers to effectively plan, design, manage, and monitor projects. With GIS, professionals can optimize resource allocation, develop sustainable solutions, and make data-driven decisions by analyzing complex spatial relationships. In Singapore, URA Space is an example of GIS technology. Developed by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA, n.d.), URA Space is a centralized mapping portal that provides location-based services and information. The website allows users to study land parcels of the city, integrating mapping data from partners such as the Housing Development Board (HDB), Land Transport Authority (LTA), and OneMap. However, a major challenge for GIS is handling sensitive data, which demands robust security measures to prevent unauthorized access and reduce the risk of cyber threats (ConsultANZ, 2023).

GIS supports efficient project planning and management by integrating and analyzing spatial data. However, it also poses challenges, such as the necessity to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and potential cyber threats.

GIS plays a crucial role in project planning and management by integrating and analyzing spatial data. Unlike traditional maps that provide only basic location information, GIS maps uncover spatial relationships by integrating data from its database, revealing the connections and interactions between geographic features and the land. It supports suitability analysis by allowing planners to understand how different factors such as soil composition, elevation, water sources, and others interact within an area (Land id, 2024). In URA Space, GIS is vital for decision-making. It allows planners to visualize land use and zoning for efficient allocation of residential, commercial, and recreational areas. In addition, features like interactive maps and 3D urban modeling enable detailed examination of specific land parcels, allowing planners to simulate various development scenarios, optimize space utilization, and enhance overall design.

Furthermore, another distinct function of GIS is its integral role in modern construction project management, offering advanced tools for monitoring progress. According to information from the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI, n.d.), GIS enables users to visualize project status through maps, dashboards, and web applications that are updated with real-time location intelligence. This connectivity allows both office and field personnel to access survey and field data instantaneously, streamlining workflows and enhancing efficiency. By integrating GIS into construction management, professionals can replace outdated, disconnected processes with a cohesive, data-driven approach. Incorporating GIS into construction project management enhances the ability to monitor progress, make proactive decisions, and maintain a continuous flow of relevant data throughout the project lifecycle (ESRI, n.d.).

However, GIS faces significant challenges, particularly concerning unauthorized access and cyber threats. A notable example of these risks is the 2018 SingHealth data breach, in which the personal information of 1.5 million patients, including Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, was compromised (Tham, 2021). This incident highlights the critical need for robust data protection measures to safeguard sensitive information, emphasizing the vulnerabilities in handling and storing data. As (Tham, 2021) suggests, strengthening cybersecurity protocols and implementing stringent access controls are essential to mitigate such risks and ensure the integrity of GIS systems. According to (Riddell, 2024), organizations should implement the “CIA triad” (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) as a core security model. This would ensure data is accessible only to authorized users, remains accurate and consistent, and is available when needed, thereby maintaining user trust in information systems. These strategies are crucial for reducing the risks and obstacles that GIS may encounter.

In conclusion, GIS enhances project planning and management by effectively integrating and analyzing spatial data. However, to fully realize its potential, it is crucial to address the challenges of protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access and mitigating cyber threats.

References :

ConsultANZ. (2023). GIS in civil engineering and construction. https://www.consultanz.com.au/gis-civil-engineering-construction/

ESRI. (n.d.). Construction Project Management Software | Planning to hand over https://www.esri.com/en-us/industries/aec/business-areas/construction-management?

Land id. (2024). The many applications of GIS in civil engineering. https://id.land/blog/the-many-applications-of-gis-in-civil-engineering?

Riddell, C. (2024). Data security explained: Challenges and solutions. Netwrix. https://blog.netwrix.com/data-security/

Tham, I. (2018, July 20). Personal info of 1.5m SingHealth patients, including PM Lee, stolen in Singapore's worst cyberattack. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/personal-info-of-15m-singhealth-patients-including-pm-lee-stolen-in-singapores-most

Urban Redevelopment Authority. (n.d.). URA Space. https://www.ura.gov.sg/maps/index.html

and assisted by ChatGPT

Individual Research contributions to group project

28/2/2025

Research on AutoCAD

We changed our solution from the Initial cloud-based rendering to real-time multi-user collaboration (Group Idea)

From Vishva's Reader Response on the cons of AutoCAD, we agreed on the con Vishva pointed out in his argumentative, regarding the rendering issue and how it is heavily dependent on a good hardware.

Researched on our solution using the internet and ChatGPT to prompt for information; prompts used: About AutoCAD, Pros and Cons, SWOT analysis and market research on the company and found that cons can be addressed and have no existing or similar solutions

Had some meetings to discuss on our problem and finalise our solution ( ideal, gap and goal) and some sources had been send out to our group chat for my group mates to read on it regards to the problem.

25/3/2035

Throughout the process of developing our technical report and pitch from then to now, I had contributed to both content creation and team coordination. While working on the report, I tried to ensured that my sections were well-structured, concise, and aligned with my teammates' work to maintain a flow. Additionally, I took steps to refine my presentation skills by practicing alone, collaborating with my team on discord, and meeting early before class to rehearse together.

Despite my preparation, I felt nervous during the actual pitch, which affected my execution. However, I recognize that I have made significant progress compared to our mock pitch. The experience has helped me become more aware of areas I need to improve, particularly in delivering ideas with confidence.

The feedback we received from peers and our consultation with Prof provided insights into refining our report. Prof guided us on improving the structure and flow, which helped us make the content more cohesive. With multiple rounds of feedback, I now have a clearer understanding of how to enhance my technical writing. We will now continue to enhance our report by adding more content, incorporating relevant visuals, and ensuring that the flow of the report effectively supports our narrative

Reader Response (Assignment 1 )

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a software that uses geographic data to manage civil engineering and construction projects (ConsultANZ, 2023). According to the civil engineering firm, GIS is essential to the industry as it supports all phases of the project life cycle. The function of the application is designed to store, analyze, and display spatial data associated with locations on the Earth’s surface. By combining geographic information with various data layers, GIS enables civil engineers to effectively plan, design, manage, and monitor projects. With GIS, professionals can optimize resource allocation, develop sustainable solutions, and make data-driven decisions by analysing complex spatial relationships. In Singapore, URA SPACE is an example of GIS technology. It was developed by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), URA SPACE is a centralized mapping portal that provides location-based services and information. The website allows users to study land parcels of the city as it integrates mapping data from partners such as the Housing Development Board (HDB), Land Transport Authority (LTA), and OneMap (Urban Redevelopment Authority, n.d.). However, a major challenge for GIS is handling sensitive data, which demands robust security measures to prevent unauthorized access and reduce the risk of cyber threats (ConsultANZ, 2023).

GIS supports efficient project planning and management by integrating and analyzing spatial data. However, they also pose challenges, such as the necessity to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and potential cyber threats.

 GIS enhances planning and design by providing data visualization and analysis capabilities. Unlike traditional maps that provide only basic location information, GIS maps uncover spatial relationships by integrating data from their database, revealing the connections and interactions between geographic features and the land. It supports suitability analysis by allowing planners to understand how different factors such as soil composition, elevation, water sources etc interact within an area (Land id, 2024). In URA space, GIS is vital for decision-making. It allows planners to visualise land use and zoning for efficient allocation of residential, commercial, and recreational areas. In addition, features like interactive maps and 3D urban modelling enable detailed examination of specific land parcels, allowing planners to simulate various development scenarios, optimise space utilisation, and enhance overall design. 

Furthermore, another distinct function of GIS is the integral to modern construction project management, offering advanced tools for monitoring progress. Based on Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), GIS enables users to visualise project status through maps, dashboards, and web applications that are updated with real-time location intelligence. This connectivity allows both office and field personnel to access survey and field data instantaneously, streamlining workflows and enhancing efficiency.  By integrating GIS into construction management, professionals can replace outdated, disconnected processes with a cohesive, data-driven approach. Incorporating GIS into construction project management enhances the ability to monitor progress, make proactive decisions, and maintain a continuous flow of relevant data throughout the project lifecycle (ESRI, n.d.). 

 However, GIS faces significant challenges, one of them particularly concerning unauthorized access and cyber threats. An example of these risks is the 2018 SingHealth data breach, in which the personal information of 1.5 million patients, including Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, was compromised. This incident highlights the critical need for robust data protection measures to safeguard sensitive information, emphasizing the vulnerabilities in handling and storing data. As (Tham, 2021) suggests, strengthening cybersecurity protocols and implementing stringent access controls are essential to mitigate such risks and ensure the integrity of GIS systems. Noted from (Riddell, 2024), organizations should implement the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) as a core security model. This ensures data is accessible only to authorized users, remains accurate and consistent, and is available when needed, maintaining trust in information systems. Thus, these strategies will be crucial in reducing the risks and obstacles that GIS will potentially encounter.

 In conclusion, GIS enhances project planning and management by effectively integrating and analyzing spatial data. However, to fully realize its potential, it is crucial to address the challenges of protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access and mitigating cyber threats.

References

ConsultANZ. (2023). GIS in civil engineering and construction.                       https://www.consultanz.com.au/gis-civil-engineering-construction/

ESRI. (n.d.). Construction Project Management Software | Planning to hand over

https://www.esri.com/en-us/industries/aec/business-areas/construction-management?

Land id. (2024). The many applications of GIS in civil engineering. Land Id. https://id.land/blog/the-many-applications-of-gis-in-civil-engineering?

Riddell, C. (2024). Data security explained: Challenges and solutions. Netwrix. https://blog.netwrix.com/data-security/

Tham, I. (2018). Personal info of 1.5m SingHealth patients, including PM Lee, stolen in Singapore's worst cyber attack. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/personal-info-of-15m-singhealth-patients-including-pm-lee-stolen-in-singapores-most

Urban Redevelopment Authority. (n.d.). URA SPACE. https://www.ura.gov.sg/maps/index.html

and assisted by ChatGPT

Summary + Thesis + Support Draft 2

Summary 

“Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a tool that uses geographic data to manage Civil Engineering and Construction projects” (ConsultANZ, 2023). According to the civil engineering firm, GIS is essential to the industry, supporting all phrases of the infrastructure life cycle. It is a crucial software tool for storing, analysing, and visualising spatial data related to locations on Earth’s surface. By integrating geographic information with multiple data layers, GIS helps civil engineers efficiently plan, design, maintain, and oversee construction projects. It plays a key role in various applications, including infrastructure development, urban planning, and environmental analysis. With GIS, construction professionals can optimise resource allocation, develop sustainable solutions, and make data-driven decisions by analysing complex spatial relationships. In Singapore, URA SPACE is a prime example of GIS technology in action. It was developed by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), URA SPACE is a centralised mapping portal that provides location-based services and information. It integrates mapping data from key partners such as the Housing Development Board (HDB), Land Transport Authority (LTA), and OneMap URA SPACE (n.d.). However, a significant challenge for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is managing sensitive data, which requires stringent security measures to prevent unauthorised access and mitigate cyber threats (2023).

Thesis 

Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitate effective project planning and management through the integration and analysis of spatial data. Despite inherent challenges, such as the need to protect sensitive information from unauthorised access and cyber threats.

1st Support

GIS enhances planning and design by providing advanced data visualization and analysis capabilities. Unlike traditional maps that only display basic location information, GIS maps reveal spatial relationships by integrating maps from its database. It supports suitability analysis by allowing planners to understand how different factors such as soil composition, elevation, water sources etc interact within an area Land id(2024). In URA space, GIS is pivotal for decision-making. It empowers planners to visualise land use and zoning for efficient allocation of residential, commercial, and recreational areas. Features like interactive maps and 3D urban modelling enable detailed examination of specific land parcels, allowing planners to simulate various development scenarios, optimise space utilisation, and enhance overall city design. This leads to smarter and more efficient urban environments (n.d.).

2nd Support

Furthermore, another distinct function of GIS is the integral to modern construction project management, offering advanced tools for monitoring progress and facilitating informed decision-making. Based on Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), GIS enable users to visualise project status through maps, dashboards, and web applications that are updated with real-time location intelligence. This connectivity allows both office and field personnel to access survey and field data instantaneously, streamlining workflows and enhancing efficiency.  By integrating GIS into construction management, professionals can replace outdated, disconnected processes with a cohesive, data-driven approach. Incorporating GIS into construction project management enhances the ability to monitor progress, make proactive decisions, and maintain a continuous flow of relevant data throughout the project lifecycle. This approach leads to more efficient project execution and long-term asset management Construction Project Management Software | Planning to hand over. (n.d.). 

Counter argument

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) face significant challenges, particularly concerning unauthorized access and cyber threats. The 2018 SingHealth data breach, where personal information of 1.5 million patients, including Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, was stolen, underscores the critical importance of robust data protection measures Tham (2021). To safeguard sensitive information, organizations should implement the CIA triad—Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability—as a foundational model in information security. Confidentiality ensures that data is accessible only to authorized individuals, protecting it from unauthorized access. Integrity maintains the accuracy and consistency of data, preventing unauthorized alterations. Availability guarantees that information and systems are accessible to authorized users when needed, ensuring timely access to resources. Implementing robust security measures across these three principles is essential for safeguarding data and maintaining trust in information systems Riddell (2024).

Reference 

(ConsultANZ, 2023)

https://www.consultanz.com.au/gis-civil-engineering-construction/?

Construction Project Management Software | Planning to hand over. (n.d.). https://www.esri.com/en-us/industries/aec/business-areas/construction-management?

Land id (2024). The many applications of GIS in civil engineering. Land Id. https://id.land/blog/the-many-applications-of-gis-in-civil-engineering?

Riddell(2024, February 12). Data Security Explained: Challenges and Solutions. Data Security Explained: Challenges and Solutions. https://blog.netwrix.com/data-security/

Tham (2021). Personal info of 1.5m SingHealth patients, including PM Lee, stolen in Singapore’s worst cyber attack. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/personal-info-of-15m-singhealth-patients-including-pm-lee-stolen-in-singapores-most

URA SPACE. (n.d.). https://www.ura.gov.sg/maps/index.html

Research Pathway : Geographic Information System (GIS)

WHY GIS ? 

We chose GIS (Geographic Information Systems) as the technology to focus on because of its significant relevance and utility in civil engineering. . In the last trimester, We learned the basics of GIS and saw how it helps with things like planning, designing, and managing infrastructure projects. Since we had an understanding of it, we can learn more about it technology and see how it can make civil engineering projects more efficient.

Research prompt on key features and functions was : 'How does GIS contribute to infrastructure management and maintenance in civil engineering?'

Dewey's Model of Reflective Thought and Action

I have been facing challenges with overeating, and I used Dewey's Model of Reflective Thought and Action to find ways to address and overcome this behavior.

Ideal Situation: To be mindful of what I am putting in my mouth and eat in moderation.

Reality (Gap): I often over-order food because I like to try new dishes, and I tend to overeat to avoid wasting food.

Causes/Conditions: I find it difficult to control my impulses when ordering, often thinking I’ll regret not trying something. Additionally, I feel compelled to finish everything I’ve ordered, even when I’m full, due to a desire to avoid wasting food.

Effects/Results: I end up overeating and still crave dessert after the main meal. This leads to an unhealthy eating pattern.

Goal: To order food in moderation, practice portion control, and avoid overeating.

Possible Changes:

• I can plan my meals ahead of time to decide how much food is appropriate, reducing the urge to over-order.
• I will try mindful eating techniques, such as eating slowly and checking in with myself about fullness before ordering or finishing more food.
• I will initiate to share dishes when dining out to reduce the temptation to order too much.

Testing the Hypothesis (Solution): I will track my food orders and portions, paying attention to how much I eat and how I feel after meals. I will also practice mindful eating and portion control and see if I can maintain these changes without feeling deprived.

Outcome of Change: I expect to improve my ability to eat in moderation, reduce overeating, and feel more satisfied with my meals, without cravings for dessert or discomfort afterward.

Descriptive Reflection (Formal Introductory Letter)

Dear Professor Blackstone 

Subject : Introductory Letter 

My name is Tristal, and my academic background has been shaped by a combination of opportunities and evolving interests. I initially pursued a course in Real Estate Business and Built Environment at polytechnic, intending to become a real estate salesperson. However, my fascination with the construction industry developed over time, influenced both by my lecturers and mother’s long standing career in civil engineering. Observing her work on tenders, maps, and material calculations sparked my passion for the field. Civil engineering appeals to me because it balances dynamic, outdoor work environments with technical design, aligning perfectly with my career aspirations.

In terms of communication, one of my key strengths is my ability to connect with others on a personal level. As an extrovert, I enjoy engaging with people and building genuine relationships, especially in group projects where collaboration is essential. However, I sometimes find it challenging to express myself clearly in writing, as my tone can occasionally be misunderstood. As a result, I prefer verbal communication, such as phone calls, to convey my thoughts more effectively.

For this module, my two specific goals are 1) to build greater confidence in public speaking and 2) to actively enjoy and participate in the learning process. I believe these goals will help me improve my communication skills while enhancing my overall academic experience.

What sets me apart is my early exposure to the civil engineering industry, which has provided me with a hands-on perspective and a unique foundation for growth. Guided by my mother’s expertise and my own experiences, I am excited to build on this foundation and contribute a unique perspective to the field.

Yours Sincerely 

Tristal Ng

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